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Based on the 8 features of Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder and on John M. Oldham's and Lois B. Morris' "normalizing" of them.
The concept of personality style is broader than and includes the concepts of " personality traits", "personality type", and "temperament".
This Augustinian Enneagram is based on the Niebuhrian-Augustinian personality theory that Terry D. Cooper has outlined in Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance.
Nines have a compulsive need to avoid tension and have peace. As a result, they unconsciously see themselves as consummate peacemakers.
An outline account of the personality theory being contemplated.
"Dostoyevsky was firmly convinced that the true sickness of man is rooted in his enormous pride. All of his great late novels center on the problem of pride and its destructive effects" - Predrag Cicovacki.
"It's very dangerous for us to have a small number of companies secretly controlling the flow of traffic and flow of information" - Jimmy Wales.
I really like this Bernard J. Paris essay on Dostoevsky's Underground Man. He uses Horneyan theory in his literary criticism and argues that, although the Underground Man also expresses aggressive and compliant trends, he is predominantly a withdrawn, or detached, type.
"He believed that a need is a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances… It is a noun which stands for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur." - James Neill
Links to an undergraduate psychology course about individual differences.
Karen Horney's biographer, Jack Rubins, saw the influence of Horney's concepts on psychoanalytic theories of narcissism.
An outline of Oldham's Solitary style.
"Ellis's model is a general model that seems to reduce all of psychopathology to a few cognitive distortions and shoulds."
Albert Ellis found similarities in REBT and Judeo-Christian philosophies in their views on "self-acceptance," "other-acceptance," and "life-acceptance."
A representation of Albert Ellis' list of "some of the major illogical, irrational, and self-defeating ideas that are presently ubiquitous in Western civilization and that would seem inevitably to lead to widespread neurosis" (Ellis, 1994, pp. 106-107).
The most fundamental way in which individuals perpetuate their psychological disturbances is by failing to recognize what Ellis calls the 'three insights of REBT' (see Donald Robertson).
"The therapist is most interested in finding core beliefs and deep rooted philosophical evalutions. These are usually the causes of automatic negative inferences and higher level evaluative thoughts" (Wikipedia).
"According to Ellis, emotional and behavioral difficulties occur when humans take simple preferences (desire for love, approval, success) and turn them into dire needs" - Chris Morley.
Thomas Merton's "false self" is analogous to Karen Horney's idealized self.
"Even when we deeply value ourselves, the anxiety built into finitude will tempt us to find our source of security in some strategy rather than a trust in God" (Cooper, pg. 163).
"When anxiety has conceived it brings forth both pride and sensuality." - Reinhold Niebuhr
"The religious sense of the absolute qualifies the will-to-live and the will-to-power by bringing them under subjection to an absolute will, and by imparting transcendent value to other human beings, whose life and needs thus achieve a higher claim upon the self." - Reinhold Niebuhr
In the neurotic search for glory the neurotic "solution" is idealized (Horney, 1950, pg. 22).
"He thought that the wicked who accepted his message would share in the kingdom even though they did not do the things customary in Judaism for the atonement of sin."
Certain specific compulsive attachments and aversions generate a strategy, an idealized image, conditions of worth, and beliefs and attitudes.
An excerpt from Patrick McCormick's Sin as Addiction, "Employing an Addiction Model for Sin."
"Augustine's phenomenology of sin grounded in self-love is consistent with and enriches the predominant biblical worry about idolatry" - R.R. Reno, "Pride and Idolatry."
An idealized image of oneself is a cognitive idol, and a compulsive attachment is a behavioral idol.
Idolatry is the "making of a limited, finite good into a god" (Cooper, pg. 64).
I want to apply the Augustinian-Niebuhrian doctrine of sin to personality disorder.
Gerald May's theory of addiction may provide a new paradigm for understanding sin.
An excerpt from Langdon Gilkey's On Niebuhr that summarizes Niebuhr's innovative refashioning of the doctrine of original sin.
Excerpts from Terry D. Cooper's Sin, Pride, and Self-Acceptance which outline Reinhold Niebuhr's explanation of the relation of pride and sensuality as the fundamental elements of sin.
An excerpt from Langdon Gilkey's excellent study of Niebuhr's theology in which Gilkey says that Niebuhr's doctrine of sin was the pivotal center of Niebuhr's thought, the concept on which all else he said in theology depended.
"Niebuhr believes that biblical psychology clearly supports the Augustinian assertion that pride or undue self-love is the dominant factor in human sin." - Terry D. Cooper
Terry D. Cooper summarizes Reinhold Niebuhr's restatement of St. Augustine's pride thesis.
Chapter 13 of Book XIV of Saint Augustine's City of God, "That in Adam's Sin an Evil Will Preceded the Evil Act."
"Shame occurs when people perceive they have failed to approximate their ego ideal."
The Sensitive type believes that to impress new people they have to put on a facade (Oldham).
The ego-ideal is the ideal of perfection that the ego strives to emulate.
A representation of one of the strategies of self-salvation.
Reinhold Niebuhr provides a Christian account of what psychologists call ego defense mechanisms.
"Biblical and Christian thought has maintained with a fair degree of consistency that pride is more basic than sensuality and that the latter is, in some way, derived from the former" - Reinhold Niebuhr.
According to cognitive theory, affect, cognition, and behavior are based on attitudes and beliefs.
Sin is an inevitable but not a necessary part of the human condition.
The glorified self becomes not only a phantom to be pursued; it also becomes a measuring rod with which to measure one's actual being - Karen Horney.
Perfectionist standards provide two important elements (a) being superior to others and (b) controlling life (Cooper).
My hope is that the Conscientious Personality Type will become a part of the Creative Commons.
This brief report of the U.S. Catholic Bishops concludes that the Enneagram
"does not have credibility as an instrument of scientific psychology and that the philosophical and religious ideas of its creators are out of keeping with basic elements of Christian faith."
Reinhold Niebuhr's biographer, Richard Fox, highlighted Robert Calhoun's critique of Niebuhr's The Nature and Destiny of Man.
Pride and distrust in God are two parts of a single process.
In The Nature and Destiny of Man, Reinhold Niebuhr exposes the relationship between anxiety, the "precondition" of sin, and pride, the "quintessential" sin.
Fromm seems to have encouraged his patients to idealize him as a role model.
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