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For Stoics, virtue is the sufficient condition for happiness.
The Exuberant type needs pleasure, constant activity, pleasurable experiences, a positive view of past achievement, a high level of creativity, a high level of productivity, to produce high quality work, people and sex, money, romance and sex, alcohol and/or drugs, new residences and new geographic locations, knowledge, skill, expertise, and mastery in certain selected areas of interest, self-confidence, sensuality, creativity, and efficiency, creative work.
"The capital vices are those which give rise to others, especially by way of final cause." - Thomas Aquinas
The Mercurial type needs relationships, a 'good' partner, and to avoid abandonment; to shop and spend money, for sex, for mind and mood altering substances, for fast driving and other exciting activities, for food; and to distance or distract themselves from harsh reality.
The Adventurous type needs to avoid conforming to social norms, boredom, consideration of others, being deceived, being tied down in a relationship, settling down, the nine-to-five world, being exploited, and concern for consequences.
The Self-Confident type needs achievement, recognition of talent, and importance; success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love; to be 'special' and unique, and association with other 'special' high status people and institutions; to be admired; favorable treatment and automatic compliance with their expectations; to be envied by others; for importance, high status, and prestige.
The Devoted type needs the advice and reassurance of others, and to have decisions made for them; for others to assume responsibility for them; for others' nurturance, support and approval; for a relationship with a significant other.
The Self-Sacrificing type needs situations that lead to failure and disappointment; to be hurt defeated, or humiliated; people who consistently treat them badly; and self-sacrifice.
The Serious type needs to see current experience, the future, and themselves as worse than they are; to see others and their behavior as bad; to see things that they have done in the past as bad; and to avoid bad things happening in the future.
The Leisurely type needs to be free to do as they please; a life of pleasure and comfort; to possess the same advantages as others; and to avoid having to fulfill routine social and occupational tasks; compliance with others demands' and expectations; personal misfortune; and not getting the best things in life.
The Solitary type needs solitude and solitary activities; and to avoid close relationships; intimacy, friendship, and confiding in others; sexual experiences with others; and being influenced by others.
The Inventive type needs an image of superiority and high worth; social recognition, status, and prestige; approval; admiration; outstanding achievement; success; glory, honors, and fame.
The Idiosyncratic type needs to avoid close relationships; convention and conformity; the mundane; conventional emotional experiences and adopting others' beliefs; concrete and conventional thinking; and being the object of others' attention.
The Aggressive type needs to dominate, to have power, authority, responsibility, and control; to have those in their charge follow their rules; to accomplish goals; action, adventure, competition, and to be physically assertive; for people to do what they want them to do; and control of others in relationships.
The Dramatic type needs attention, sexual attractiveness, an attractive physical appearance, a dramatic style of speech, others' guidance and help, intimate relationships, and opportunities to experience events as good or bad.
Bad character is a matter of vice.
The Vigilant type needs to avoid being exploited, harmed, or deceived by others, the disloyalty or untrustworthiness of friends or associates, demeaning or threatening remarks or events, insults, injuries, slights, or attacks on their character or reputation, and the infidelity of their spouse or sexual partner.
The Sensitive type needs to avoid criticism, disapproval, rejection, being disliked, attempts to shame or ridicule them, new interpersonal situations, being seen as socially inept or personally unappealing, and engaging in any activity or personal risk that may be embarrassing.
The Conscientious type needs achievement, respect, approval, to be beyond reproach, interpersonal control, perfect performance, to be right, order, and organization.
In its discussion of personality disorders, the Merck Manual lists other personality types that are not classified as personality disorders.
True judgments about externals make our character good, as false ones make it bad.
For Stoics, virtue is the sufficient condition for happiness.
Stoicism provides what Stoics believe is the strategy for obtaining happiness; but the personality types of the PTypes typology represent 16 bad strategies for obtaining happiness.
The Stoic doctrine that things not in our power are neither good nor bad can be deduced from a number of other core Stoic beliefs.
The source of every vice is a false judgment of what is good or evil.
Needs to believe that they are unique and special and that there is a reason for their being on this planet.
Needs attachments to center them in the universe and make them feel complete.
Needs to be helpful to others.
Needs to see current circumstances, themselves, and the future as worse than they are.
Needs to be passionately focused and attached in all their relationships.
Needs to protect their comfort, their free time, and their individual pursuit of happiness.
Needs to avoid companionship and be alone; needs solitude.
Needs to avoid accepting the customary explanations of what's going on in this world.
Needs to dominate others, to be in charge.
Needs to be the center of attention.
Needs to avoid being subordinated.
Needs extreme and intense emotional experiences.
Needs social recognition, status, and prestige; needs to avoid obscurity, low status, and lack of prestige.
These needs are irrational needs. They are irrational because they require things not in our power and involve false judgment of what is good or evil.
They correspond to Karen Horney's neuroitic needs, which are better called irrational needs.
In Stoic philosophical and psychological theory these needs are vices.
The cause of our problems and troubles, and the impediment to our happiness, is our evil, or vicious, disposition of character.
F. Scott Fitzgerald highly valued social recognition, status, and prestige.
Recognition is to be preferred, but from a Stoic standpoint the desire for recognition and the desire that we continue to receive recognition are evil.
"You could ... say that the need for social recognition is the enlargement of an original wish to be admired and appreciated by one person" - Theodor Reik.
This is a list of common value beliefs. These beliefs give primary value to external things, things not 'in our power'. Therefore, they are false judgments of what is good and bad.
Forlorn: deprived of the aid and protection of others, especially of friends, acquaintances, kindred.
The core value beliefs of the Exuberant type.
The core value beliefs of the Mercurial type.
The core value beliefs of the Adventurous type.
The core value beliefs of the Self-Confident type.
The core value beliefs of the Self-Sacrificing type.
The core value beliefs of the Serious type.
The core value beliefs of the Leisurely type.
The core value beliefs of the Solitary type.
The core value beliefs of the Inventive type.
The core value beliefs of the Idiosyncratic type.
The core value beliefs of the Aggressive type.
The core value beliefs of the Dramatic type.
The core value beliefs of the Vigilant type.
The core value beliefs of the Sensitive type.
The core value beliefs of the Conscientious type.
People value as good, things which they believe will benefit them; and value as bad, things which they believe will harm them.
Stoics hold that false value-judgments are the source of pathology.
Based on the 8 features of Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder and on John M. Oldham's and Lois B. Morris' "normalizing" of them.
The concept of personality style is broader than and includes the concepts of " personality traits", "personality type", and "temperament".
This Augustinian Enneagram is based on the Niebuhrian-Augustinian personality theory that Terry D. Cooper has outlined in Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance.
Nines have a compulsive need to avoid tension and have peace. As a result, they unconsciously see themselves as consummate peacemakers.
An outline account of the personality theory being contemplated.
"Dostoyevsky was firmly convinced that the true sickness of man is rooted in his enormous pride. All of his great late novels center on the problem of pride and its destructive effects" - Predrag Cicovacki.
"It's very dangerous for us to have a small number of companies secretly controlling the flow of traffic and flow of information" - Jimmy Wales.
I really like this Bernard J. Paris essay on Dostoevsky's Underground Man. He uses Horneyan theory in his literary criticism and argues that, although the Underground Man also expresses aggressive and compliant trends, he is predominantly a withdrawn, or detached, type.
"He believed that a need is a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances� It is a noun which stands for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur." - James Neill
Links to an undergraduate psychology course about individual differences.
Karen Horney's biographer, Jack Rubins, saw the influence of Horney's concepts on psychoanalytic theories of narcissism.
An outline of Oldham's Solitary style.
"Ellis's model is a general model that seems to reduce all of psychopathology to a few cognitive distortions and shoulds."
Albert Ellis found similarities in REBT and Judeo-Christian philosophies in their views on "self-acceptance," "other-acceptance," and "life-acceptance."
A representation of Albert Ellis' list of "some of the major illogical, irrational, and self-defeating ideas that are presently ubiquitous in Western civilization and that would seem inevitably to lead to widespread neurosis" (Ellis, 1994, pp. 106-107).
The most fundamental way in which individuals perpetuate their psychological disturbances is by failing to recognize what Ellis calls the 'three insights of REBT' (see Donald Robertson).
"The therapist is most interested in finding core beliefs and deep rooted philosophical evalutions. These are usually the causes of automatic negative inferences and higher level evaluative thoughts" (Wikipedia).
"According to Ellis, emotional and behavioral difficulties occur when humans take simple preferences (desire for love, approval, success) and turn them into dire needs" - Chris Morley.
Thomas Merton's "false self" is analogous to Karen Horney's idealized self.
"Even when we deeply value ourselves, the anxiety built into finitude will tempt us to find our source of security in some strategy rather than a trust in God" (Cooper, pg. 163).
"When anxiety has conceived it brings forth both pride and sensuality." - Reinhold Niebuhr
"The religious sense of the absolute qualifies the will-to-live and the will-to-power by bringing them under subjection to an absolute will, and by imparting transcendent value to other human beings, whose life and needs thus achieve a higher claim upon the self." - Reinhold Niebuhr
In the neurotic search for glory the neurotic "solution" is idealized (Horney, 1950, pg. 22).
"He thought that the wicked who accepted his message would share in the kingdom even though they did not do the things customary in Judaism for the atonement of sin." |
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Kelly
ptypes@yahoo.com
PTypes Personality Types by Dave Kelly is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. (See Copyrights for details.)